Compositions for transdermal delivery of active agents

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are compositions that are useful in effecting the transdermal delivery of therapeutic agents. More particularly, the disclosed transdermal compositions may include a fatty alcohol (for example, octanol), a terpene (for example, limonene), and an active agent comprising an amine moiety.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/885,512, filed Aug. 29, 2013, which is the National Stage filingunder 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/IL2011/000880,filed Nov. 15, 2011, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/413,608, filed Nov. 15, 2010, theentire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention provides compositions that are useful in effectingthe transdermal delivery of therapeutic agents. More particularly, thesetransdermal compositions may include a fatty alcohol, e.g., octanol, aterpene, e.g., limonene, and an active agent comprising an amine moiety.

BACKGROUND ART

Active agents (for example, therapeutic agents such as drugs orimmunologically active agents such as vaccines) are conventionallyadministered either orally or by injection. However, many active agentsare completely ineffective or have radically reduced efficacy whenorally administered since they either are not absorbed or are adverselyaffected before entering the bloodstream and thus do not possess thedesired activity. On the other hand, the direct injection of activeagents intravenously or subcutaneously, while assuring no modificationof the agents during administration, can be invasive, painful, and oftenresults in poor patient compliance.

Transdermal delivery of active agents, however, result in systemiccirculation of the active agent and can provide an alternative mode ofadministration. For example, transdermal delivery can potentiallyprovide better drug bioavailability than oral administration, in partbecause such delivery bypasses not only the initial metabolism of thedrug by the liver and the intestines but also the unpredictableabsorption of the drug from the gastrointestinal tract. Transdermaldelivery also can result in more stable blood serum level of the drug(e.g., leading to a prolonged pharmacological effect that is similar tointravenous infusion), and can allow for easily adjustable dosing rate.For example, transdermal patches can be easily removed which results inrapid cessation of dosing and elimination of the drug from circulation.Finally, transdermal delivery typically results in greater patientcompliance because it is non-invasive and can be easily administered.

The skin serves as a barrier to the penetration of many foreignsubstances. The feasibility of using transdermal delivery of activeagents as a route of administration requires that a therapeutic rate ofdrug delivery through the skin be achieved. This can be accomplished ifthe skin can be made more permeable to the drug. Factors which determinethe permeability of the skin to a particular drug can include drugdiffusivity through the skin membrane and/or drug concentration in thevehicle. In addition, certain materials used as adjuvants in vehiclesmay affect the characteristics of the skin membrane barrier and thusalter the permeability of the skin to the drug. Permeation enhancers,for example, can maximize penetration rates and/or minimize lag times indrug penetration through the skin, and should be substantiallynon-toxic, non-irritant and non-sensitizing on repeated exposure.

However, it is often difficult to predict which compounds will work aspermeation enhancers and which permeation enhancers will work forparticular drugs. Consequently, there remains a need for transdermalformulations that could deliver, at controlled rates, an active agent ora mixture thereof, combined with appropriate permeation enhancers.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

Provided herein are pharmaceutically acceptable transdermal compositionsthat include an active agent, and may include a fatty alcohol and/or aterpene. Contemplated compositions provided herein may include an activeagent having at least one primary, secondary or tertiary amine moiety, anegatively charged carbonyl moiety, and/or an amide moiety. In otherembodiments, a disclosed composition may include an active agent that isan amino acid or amino acid derivative, for example, may include anagent chosen from: carbidopa, levodopa, and/or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In other embodiments, a disclosed compositionmay include an active agent selected from the group consisting of:opipramol, physostigmine, chlorpheniramine, lidocaine, metoprolol,nicotine, diltiazem, quinidine, imipramine, quetiapine, venlafaxine, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Disclosed compositions may have about 1 to about 10 weight percentactive agent. In other embodiments, disclosed compositions may includeabout 0.5 to about 7.5, or about 2 to about 5 weight percent fattyalcohol, such as octanol, e.g., 1-octanol. Disclosed compositions mayfurther include a fatty acid ester, e.g.; lauroglycol. In someembodiments, a disclosed composition may have a weight ratio of fattyalcohol to lauroglycol of about 3:1 to about 1.5:1, and/or may haveabout 0.1 to about 5.0 weight percent fatty acid ester. Disclosedcompositions may further comprise a cellulose ester such ashydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, and/or propylene glycol.

In other embodiments, a disclosed composition may further comprise anorganic acid, such as an organic acid selected from the group consistingof ascorbic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, fumaricacid, citric acid, lactic acid, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid. Anorganic acid may be selected from the group consisting of arginine,lysine or histidine.

For example, provided herein is a pharmaceutically acceptabletransdermal composition comprising octanol, limonene, and an activeagent comprising an amine moiety, such as an active agent selected fromthe group consisting of opipramol and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. Also provided herein is a pharmaceutically acceptabletransdermal composition comprising octanol, limonene, and an activeagent comprising an amine moiety, e.g., carbidopa, levodopa, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. A pharmaceutically acceptabletransdermal composition comprising octanol, limonene, and an activeagent comprising an amide moiety, e.g. entacapone, and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof, is also contemplated.

Disclosed compositions may include about 0.5 to about 7.5 weight percentoctanol and/or about 0.5 to about 5 weight percent limonene; andoptionally may further include lauroglycol. In some embodiments, iflauroglycol is present, the ratio of octanol to lauroglycol may be about3:1 to about 1.5:1. Contemplated pharmaceutically acceptable transdermalcompositions may further include arginine.

Provided herein, in some embodiments, is a disclosed pharmaceuticallyacceptable transdermal composition wherein the transdermal compositioncomprises an active agent, optionally an organic acid, octanol, andlauroglycol and/or limonene, when transdermally administered to apatient, delivers more than twice the amount of active agent to saidpatient over 20 hours as compared to a formulation that does not includeoctanol.

Also provided herein is a pharmaceutically acceptable transdermalcomposition comprising an active agent, optionally an organic acid,octanol, and limonene, wherein the transdermal composition, whentransdermally administered to a patient, delivers more than twice theamount of active agent to said patient over 20 hours as compared to aformulation that does not include limonene. Provided herein, in someembodiments, is transdermal composition having an active agent and anorganic acid, when transdermally administered to a patient, deliversmore than twice the amount of active agent a to said patient over 20hours as compared to a formulation that does not include an organicacid.

A pharmaceutically acceptable transdermal composition contemplatedherein also includes an active agent, optionally an organic acid,octanol, and lauroglycol, wherein the transdermal composition, whentransdermally administered to a patient, delivers more than twice theamount of active agent to the patient over 20 hours as compared to aformulation that does not include lauroglycol.

Provided herein, in some embodiments, is a transdermal compositionhaving an active agent, and organic acid, octanol, and laoroglycoland/or limonene. Such a composition, when transdermally administered toa patient, may deliver more than twice the amount of active agent tosaid patient over 20 hours as compared to a formulation that does notinclude an organic acid.

Also provided herein is pharmaceutically acceptable transdermalcomposition comprising octanol tartaric acid; and an active agent, andlimonene and/or lauroglycol.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a pharmaceutically acceptabletransdermal composition comprising: octanol, lauroglycol, organic acid,optionally a basic amino acid, and an active agent comprising an aminemoiety or an amide moiety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts the effects of limonene, octanol and lauroglycol on thetransdermal delivery of carbidopa/arginine salt through porcine skin exvivo.

FIG. 2 depicts the effects of octanol and limonene on transdermaldelivery of carbidopa/arginine salt through porcine skin ex vivo.

FIG. 3 depicts the effect of lactic acid and/or pH on the transdermaldelivery of carbidopa/arginine salt through porcine skin ex vivo.

FIG. 4 depicts the effects of hydroxypropylcellulose on the transdermaldelivery of carbidopa/arginine salt through porcine skin ex vivo.

FIG. 5 depicts the effects of carbidopa and water concentration on thetransdermal delivery of carbidopa through porcine skin ex vivo.

FIG. 6 depicts the transdermal delivery of carbidopa/arginine andlevodopa/arginine through porcine skin ex vivo.

FIGS. 7A and 7B depict the effects organic acids on the transdermaldelivery of opipramol through porcine skin ex vivo.

FIG. 8 depicts the effects of octanol, limonene and lauroglycol on thetransdermal delivery of opipramol through porcine skin ex vivo.

FIG. 9 depicts the effects of glutamic acid on the transdermal deliveryof opipramol through porcine skin ex vivo.

FIG. 10 depicts the effects of hydroxypropylcellulose on the transdermaldelivery of opipramol through porcine skin ex vivo.

FIG. 11 depicts the effects of organic and non-organic acids on thetransdermal delivery of opipramol through porcine skin ex vivo.

FIG. 12 depicts the dependence of transdermal delivery on theconcentration of opipramol in a disclosed formulation.

FIG. 13 depicts the transdermal delivery of physostigmine throughporcine skin ex vivo.

FIG. 14 depicts the transdermal delivery of chlorpheniramine throughporcine skin ex vivo.

FIG. 15 depicts the transdermal delivery of lidocaine through porcineskin ex vivo.

FIG. 16 depicts the transdermal delivery of metoprolol through porcineskin ex vivo.

FIG. 17 depicts the transdermal delivery of nicotine through porcineskin ex vivo.

FIG. 18 depicts the transdermal delivery of diltiazem through porcineskin ex vivo.

FIG. 19 depicts the transdermal delivery of quinidine through porcineskin ex vivo.

FIG. 20 depicts the transdermal delivery of imipramine through porcineskin ex vivo.

FIG. 21 depicts the transdermal delivery of quetiapine through porcineskin ex vivo.

FIG. 22 depicts the effects of limonene on the lag time of thetransdermal delivery of quetiapine through porcine skin ex vivo.

FIG. 23 depicts the effects of limonene on the lag time of thetransdermal delivery of venlafaxine through porcine skin ex vivo.

FIG. 24 depicts the transdermal delivery of timolol through porcine skinex vivo.

FIG. 25 depicts the transdermal delivery of albuterol through porcineskin ex vivo.

FIG. 26 depicts the transdermal delivery of phenytoin through porcineskin ex vivo.

FIGS. 27A, 27B, and 27C depict the transdermal delivery of entacaponethrough porcine skin ex vivo.

FIG. 28 depicts the effects of limonene on the lag time of thetransdermal delivery of entacapone through porcine skin ex vivo.

FIGS. 29A and 29B show the mean±SD of carbidopa concentrations (ng/ml)as detected in the plasma of female landrace×large white swine (15±2 kg)following the application of 2 transdermal carbidopa patches (28cm²/patch).

FIG. 30 shows the mean±SD of metoprolol concentrations (ng/ml) asdetected in the plasma of female landrace×large white swine (15±2 kg)following the application of 2 transdermal metoprolol patches (28cm²/patch).

Unless indicated otherwise, all amounts indicated in the above figuresare weight percent.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

For convenience, certain terms used in the specification, examples, andappended claims are collected in this section.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of anactive ingredient, or combination of active ingredients, that willelicit the biological or medical response that is being sought by theresearcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician.Alternatively, a therapeutically effective amount of an activeingredient is the quantity of the compound required to achieve a desiredtherapeutic and/or prophylactic effect, such as the amount of the activeingredient that results in the prevention of or a decrease in thesymptoms associated with the condition (for example, to meet anend-point).

The terms “pharmaceutically acceptable” or “pharmacologicallyacceptable” refer to molecular entities and compositions that do notproduce an adverse, allergic or other untoward reaction whenadministered to an animal, or to a human, as appropriate. The term,“pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents,dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents,isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of suchmedia and agents with pharmaceutical active agents is well known in theart. In some embodiments, supplementary active ingredients can also beincorporated into the compositions.

The terms “carriers” or “vehicles” as used herein refer to carriermaterials suitable for transdermal drug administration. Contemplatedcarriers and/or vehicles include any such materials known in the art,which are substantially nontoxic and/or do not interact with othercomponents of a pharmaceutical formulation or drug delivery system in adeleterious manner. Examples of specific suitable carriers and vehiclesfor use herein include water, propylene glycol, mineral oil, silicone,inorganic gels, aqueous emulsions, liquid sugars, waxes, petroleumjelly, and/or other oils and polymeric materials.

The term “transdermal” refers generally to passage of an agent acrossthe skin layers. For example, the term “transdermal” may refer todelivery of an agent (e.g., a vaccine or a drug) through the skin to thelocal tissue or systemic circulatory system without substantial cuttingor penetration of the skin, such as cutting with a surgical knife orpiercing the skin with a hypodermic needle. Transdermal agent deliveryincludes delivery via passive diffusion.

The terms “penetration enhancement” or “permeation enhancement” as usedherein refer to an increase in the permeability of skin to apharmacologically active agent, i.e., so as to increase the rate atwhich the active agent permeates through the skin and enters thebloodstream. The enhanced permeation effected through the use of skinpermeation enhancers, for example, through the use of a compositiondisclosed herein, can be observed by e.g., measuring the rate ofdiffusion of drug ex-vivo, i.e., through animal or human skin using adiffusion cell apparatus, or in-vivo, as described in the examplesherein.

The terms, “individual,” “patient,” or “subject” are usedinterchangeably herein and include any mammal, including animals, forexample, primates, for example, humans, and other animals, for example,dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, and horses. The compositions disclosedherein can be administered to a mammal, such as a human, but can also beother mammals, for example, an animal in need of veterinary treatment,for example, domestic animals (for example, dogs, cats, and the like),farm animals (for example, cows, sheep, pigs, horses, and the like) andlaboratory animals (for example, rats, mice, guinea pigs, and the like).The subject may be in need of treatment by delivery of a therapeuticagent, for example, transcutaneous delivery of a vaccine or transdermaldelivery of a drug.

Disclosed herein are transdermal compositions that may be part of, forexample, a transdermal patch, ointment, cream, gel, lotion or othertransdermal solution or suspension. For example, for transdermaldelivery, a transdermal patch that includes a disclosed composition iscontemplated, and may include a single layer adhesive patch, amulti-layer and adhesive patch, a reservoir patch, a matrix patch, amicroneedle patch or an iontophoretic patch, which typically requiresapplying a direct current. In some embodiments, contemplated transdermalpatches may be adapted for sustained release.

Contemplated transdermal drug delivery systems can, in some embodiments,rely on passive, chemical diffusion as opposed to physical, electrical,or mechanical based approaches. For example, passive transdermal systemsmay have a drug reservoir containing a high concentration of drugadapted to contact the skin where the drug diffuses through the skin andinto the body tissues or bloodstream of a patient.

Compositions

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a pharmaceuticallyacceptable transdermal composition comprising one or more skinpermeation enhancers. For example, the transdermal composition maycomprise a skin permeation enhancer such as one or more fatty alcohols,fatty acids, and/or fatty acid esters, and an active agent, and/or maycomprise a terpene and an active agent. Contemplated transdermalcompositions may include, for example, one or more fatty alcohols, fattyacids, and/or fatty acid esters, a terpene, and an active agent.

For example, contemplated herein, in part, are transdermal compositionswith two or more skin permeation enhancers, wherein the two or more skinpermeation enhancers provide an additive or even a synergistic effect onthe transdermal delivery of active agents. It is contemplated that theuse of two or more disclosed skin permeation enhancers, each increasingskin permeability via a different mechanism, may be additive in theirenhancing effects. In an embodiment, a disclosed combination ofenhancers may even have a synergistic effect on skin penetration, i.e.an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of theenhancers alone.

For example, in a transdermal composition that includes octanol andlimonene, the octanol and limonene may act to provide enhancedtransdermal delivery of active agents e.g., may provide for a largertransdermal delivery amount of an active agent that is more than the sumtransdermal delivery amount of a composition that included the activeagent and limonene and transdermal delivery amount of a composition thatincluded an active agent and octanol, e.g., a synergistic transdermalcomposition. In another embodiment, such a composition that includesoctanol and limonene, optionally may include lauroglycol and/or aninorganic or organic acid.

In some embodiments, compositions contemplated herein may be a gel,gel-like, or liquid at room temperature.

Fatty alcohols contemplated for use in disclosed compositions, include,but are not limited to, 1-octanol, 2-octanol, 3-octanol, 4-octanol,hexanol, heptanol, nonanol, decanol (capric alcohol), undecanol,dodecanol (lauryl alcohol), 2-ethyl hexanol, pelargonic alcohol,myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, palmitoleyl alcohol, octadeconal(stearyl alcohol), isostearyl alcohol, isolauryl alcohol, isomyristylalcohol, isopalmityl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, elaidyl alcohol, oleylalcohol, linoleyl alcohol, elaidolinoleyl alcohol, linoleynyl alcohol,elaidolinolenyl alcohol, ricinoleyl alcohol, arachidyl alcohol, behenylalcohol, erucyl alcohol, lignoceryl alcohol, ceryl alcohol, montanylalcohol, myricyl alcohol, geddyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol, and mixturesthereof. For example, a disclosed composition may comprise about 0.1 toabout 10 weight percent, for example, about 0.2 to 10 weight percent orabout 0.5 to about 7.5 weight percent fatty alcohol. In an exemplaryembodiment, a transdermal composition may include octanol (for example,1-octanol).

Contemplated fatty acid esters include, but are not limited to,lauroglycol, methyl laurate, ethyl oleate, propylene glycol monolaurate,propylene glycerol dilaurate, glycerol monolaurate, glycerol monooleate,sorbitan monooleate, isopropyl palmitate, methyl propionate,monoglycerides, sorbitan monolaurate, isopropyl n-decanoate, andoetyldodecyl myristate, and mixtures thereof. For example, a disclosedcomposition may comprise about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent, forexample, about 0.1 to 7 weight percent or about 0.1 to about 5 weightpercent (e.g., 2 weight percent) fatty acid ester, e.g., lauroglycol. Insome embodiments, compositions are provided that include a fatty alcohol(e.g., octanol) and a fatty acid ester (e.g., lauroglycol) in a weightratio of about 3:1 to about 1.5:1, or about 5:1 to about 1:1.

Contemplated fatty acids include, but are not limited to, oleic acid,alkanoic acids, capric acid, hexanoic acid, lactic acid, lauric acid,linoleic acid and mixtures thereof.

Contemplated transdermal compositions may include a terpene, i.e., anonaromatic compound found in essential oils, which may be extractedfrom flowers, fruits, and other natural products. Exemplary terpenesinclude, but are not limited to, d-limonene, dipentene (d/l-limonene),α-pinene, γ-terpinene, β-mircene, p-cimene, α-pinene, α-phellandrene,citronellolio, geraniale (citrale), nerol, beta-carotene, menthol,geraniol, farnesol, phytol, their homologs, derivatives, enantiomers,isomers including constitutional isomers, stereoisomerisms,regioisomers, and geometric isomers, and any combinations thereof. Forexample, provided herein is a transdermal composition comprising 0.1 toabout 10 weight percent, or about 0.2 to about 8 weight percent, orabout 0.5 to about 5 weight percent terpene, e.g., d-limonene.

Contemplated transdermal compositions may further include apharmaceutically acceptable excipient such as e.g., N-methylpyrrolidone,polyvinylpyrrolidone, propylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol, or acombination of one or more such excipients. For example, disclosedcompositions may include polyols and esters thereof, such as propyleneglycol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, butanediol, polyethylene glycol,polyethylene glycol monolaurate, and mixtures thereof. In someembodiments, the effect of the skin permeation enhancer in a disclosedcomposition may be dependent on the solvent in which they are dissolved,e.g dependent on the concentration of water and/or propylene glycol. Forexample, compositions that include a fatty alcohol and a terpene areprovided that may further include about 0% to about 5%, or about 1% toabout 10%, or about 0 to about 50%, by weight, water. Also providedherein are compositions that may include about 20 to about 98%, or about50 to about 98%, by weight propylene glycol. Contemplated compositionsmay additionally include one or more antioxidants or preservatives suchas, for example, N-acetyl cysteine, sodium bisulfite, sodiummetabisulfite, EDTA, glutathione, and ascorbic acid.

In other embodiments, disclosed compositions may include an organic acidsuch as ascorbic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, fumaricacid, citric acid, or lactic acid. In some embodiments, the organic acidmay be an amino acid, for example, an amino acid having a pI(isoelectric point) of less than 4, such as glutamic acid or asparticacid. In other embodiments, the organic acid may be a basic amino acidsuch as arginine, lysine, or histidine. Disclosed transdermalcompositions, in some embodiments, may comprise about 0.1% to about 20weight percent, for example, about 0.2 to about 15 weight percent, orabout 0.5 to about 15 weight percent organic acid. In other embodiments,disclosed compositions may include an inorganic acid, e.g., hydrochloricacid.

Disclosed transdermal compositions of the present invention may furtherinclude thickening agents including cellulose ethers such ashydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, ethylcellulose,hydroxyethyl cellulose, and carboxymethyl cellulose. For example, in oneembodiment, a transdermal composition may comprise about 0.1 to about 10weight percent, for example, about 0.1 to about 9 weight percent, orabout 0.1 to about 8 weight percent of cellulose ether such ashydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and/or hydroxypropyl cellulose, forexample, Klucel® hydroxypropyl cellulose.

A disclosed transdermal composition may have a physiologicallyacceptable pH. The term “physiologically acceptable pH” is understood tomean a pH that facilitates administration of the composition to apatient without significant adverse effects, e.g. a pH of about 4 toabout 10.

Also provided herein are transdermal compositions that allow forenhanced delivery of active agents over an extended period of time. Forexample, a contemplated transdermal composition that includes a terpeneand octanol may deliver more than two times, three times, or more of theactive agent than compositions that do not include a terpene and/oroctanol. In another example, a contemplated transdermal composition thatincludes an organic acid may deliver more than two times, three times,or more of the active agent than compositions that do not include anorganic acid. In another example, a contemplated composition thatincludes a terpene and octanol, and an active agent, may deliver more ofthe active agent over a period of 1 hour, 2 hours, 5, hours, 10 hours,20 hours, 1 day, two days, three days, or more, than compositions thatinclude the active agent but do not include a terpene and/or octanol. Ina specific embodiment, the transdermal composition when administered toa patient, may deliver more than twice of amount of carbidopa to thepatient over 20 hours as compared to a transdermal formulation ofcarbidopa that do not include octanol. In another embodiment, adisclosed composition, when administered to a patient, may deliver morethan twice of amount of opipramol, diltiazem, phenytoin, imipramine orentacapone to the patient over about 42 hours as compared to atransdermal formulation of opipramol, diltiazem, phenytoin, imipramineor entacapone that does not include limonene. For example, providedherein are compositions having opipramol or quinidine, when administeredto a patient, may deliver even more than ten times of amount of e.g.,opipramol or quinidine, as compared to a transdermal composition havinge.g. opipramol that does not include tartaric acid. In anotherembodiment, compositions disclosed herein may provide more than 4 timesof amount of diltiazem or quetiapine over 42 hours as compared to atrandermal formulation of one of those actives but that do not includetartaric acid.

Active Agents

Provided herein are pharmaceutically acceptable transdermal compositionsthat include one or more active agents. Contemplated active agentsinclude active agents having an amine moiety (e.g. at least one primary,secondary or tertiary amine) or an active agent having a negativelycharged carbonyl moiety (e.g. an amide and/or carboxyl moiety).

For example, disclosed active agents may include, but are not limitedto, alkaloids (e.g., nicotine, amphetamine, lidocaine (and other caineanalgesics), carbamates (e.g., pyridostigmine bromide, physostigmine),barbiturates, carbamazepines, benzodiazepines, phenothiazines,thioxanthenes, butyrophenones (e.g., haloperidol), benzamides,dibenzodiazepines, phenylindoles, benzisoxazoles (e.g., risperidone,ziprasidone), GABA-T inhibitors (e.g., vigabatrin),thienobenzaodiazepines, phenylethylamines (e.g., deprenyl HCl), SNRIs(e.g., venlafaxine HCl), SSRIs, tertiary amines (e.g., opipramol),aromatic amino acids (e.g., levodopa, carbidopa, and derivatives), DNA(e.g. supercoiled plasmid DNA), oligonucleotides (e.g., DNA, RNAi,siRNA, saRNA, pRNA), low molecular weight heparin (e.g., ardeparin),peptides (e.g., decapeptide LHRH analogues, copolymer-1, pentapeptideenkephalin), and proteins (e.g., PTH, insulin). In an embodiment, theactive agent comprises an amine moiety, for example, at least oneprimary, secondary or tertiary amine groups. For example, the activeagent may be chosen from: opipramol, diltiazem, quetiapine, quinidine,imipramine, venlafaxine, physostigmine, chlorpheniramine, metoprolol,lidocaine, apomorphine, memantine, ziprasidone, atomoxetine,sibutramine, salbutamol, phenytoin, galantamine, timolol, nicotine,methysergide, lisinopril, levosalbutamol, formotoerol, arformoterol,ipratorium bromide, voriconazole, and/or ciclopirox.

In some embodiments, the active agent may be an amino acid or amino acidderivative. For example, the active agent may be levodopa or carbidopa.In a further embodiment, the active agent comprises negatively chargedcarbonyl groups, e.g. amide or carboxyl groups. For example, the activeagent may be entacapone, phenytoin, or carbamazepine.

Other contemplated agents include agents having a carboxylic acid groupsuch as an agent chosen from atorvastatin, amoxicillin, fexofenadine,pravastatin, cefalexin, furosemide, ibuprofen, naproxen, gemfibrozil,mupirocin, cefprozil, methotrexate, tretinoin, cefuroxime, etodalac,penicillin, folic acid, fosinopril, ursodiol, indometacin, falsartan,lisinopril, and diclofenac (Na salt). Contemplated agents include thosehaving primary amines (fluvoxamine, Memantine, Amlodipine, Cefdinir,Lamotrigine, Amphetamine, Triamterene, Minocycline, Phentermine,Famciclovir, Trimethoprim, Aciclovir, Hydralazine, Doxazo sin,Dextro-amphetamine or Famotidine); secondary amines (such asDesipramine, Atomoxetine, Azathioprine, Bromocriptine, Burpropione,Clonidine, Dexmethyl-phenidate, Duloxetine, Enalapril, Formoterol,Hydrochloro-thiazide, Lornoxicam, Metoprolol, Sertraline Paroxetine,Fluoxetine, Ramipril, Salbutamol, Bupropion, Carvedilol, Atenolol,Nifedipine, Felodipine, Enalapril, Quinapril, Tizanidine, Clonidine,Benzonatate, Propranolol HCl, Benazepril, Paroxetine, Allopurinol,Labetalol HCl, Sotalol, Torasemide, Bisoprolol, Pindolol, andPseudo-ephedrine), tertiary amines (including for example, agents suchas Miconazole, Econazole, Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole, Quinidine,Pargiline, Alprazolam, Apomorphine, Bromazepam, Burenorphine,Chlorpheniramine, Diltiazem, Dipyridamole, Domperidone, Galantamine(HBr), Haloperidol, Hydromorphone, Levomepromazine, Methadone,Methazolamide, Metformin HCl, Azithromycin, Omeprazol, Fentanyl,Oxycodone, Risperidone, Tramadol, Citalopram, Ondansetro, Morphine,Dextropropoxyphene, Cyclobenzaprine HCl, Ciprofloxacin, Ranitidine,Verapamil, Baclofen, Oxybutynin, Venlafaxine HCl, Opipramol, Lidocaine;or amido agents such as: Oxcarbazepine, Carisoprodol, Meloxicam,Glibenclamide (glyburide), Phenytoin, Glimepiride, Barbital,Metho-carbamol, Modafinil and Entacapone.

Also contemplated are pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the disclosedactive agents. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the disclosedtherapeutic or active agents can be synthesized by conventional chemicalmethods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acidor base forms of the agents with a stoichiometric amount of theappropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in amixture of the two; generally, non-aqueous media like propylene glycol,ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile. Lists ofsuitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20thed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md., 2000, p. 704.

In some embodiments, a provided transdermal composition includes anamino acid salt of an active agent, e.g., carbidopa, levodopa, orentacapone salt with a basic amino acid selected from arginine, lysine,or histidine. In one embodiment, the salt of an active agent is thecarbidopa arginine salt.

Active agents may be present in the disclosed compositions in varyingamounts, e.g. a disclosed composition may include for example about 0.5to about 10 weight percent active agent, about 1 to about 7 weightpercent active agent, about 1 to 3 weight percent, about 2 to about 4weight percent, e.g., about 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, or 6 weight percent. Forexample, contemplated herein are compositions that include about 3-8weight percent carbidopa and/or levodopa, and about 3 to about 7 weightpercent arginine, or about 3 to about 15 weight percent arginine (e.g.about 6 to about 12 weight percent carbidopa-arginine salt orlevodopa-arginine salt).

In some embodiments, the disclosed transdermal composition includesbiologics as active agent such as DNA, RNA, or proteins, and/or may beused for the transfection of foreign materials (e.g. supercoiled plasmidDNA, siRNA, polynucleotides, peptides, and/or proteins) into cells. Forexample, the disclosed transdermal composition may be used for thetransfection of plasmid DNA into eukaryotic cells resulting in eithertransient or stable expression of the DNA. In another example, thedisclosed transdermal composition may be used for the delivery peptidesinto eukaryotic cells. In some instances, the disclosed transdermalcomposition may be used for the transfection of a protein e.g. anantibody into cells.

Disclosed transdermal compositions may be used in a method of treatmentfor a disease in a patient in need thereof, for example a method oftreatment of a disease associated with treatment by an active agent thatforms part of a disclosed composition, comprising transdermallyadministering a disclosed composition to the patient.

EXAMPLES

The invention now being generally described, it will be more readilyunderstood by reference to the following examples which are includedmerely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects and embodimentsof the present invention, and are not intended to limit the invention inany way.

Example 1: Transdermal Delivery of Carbidopa Ex Vivo

The effects of octanol, limonene and/or lauroglycol on the transdermaldelivery of carbidopa through full thickness pig skin are evaluatedusing the Franz Cell delivery system. Formulations containing carbidopa,octanol, limonene, and/or lauroglycol are prepared (formulations 1-8).Samples are collected from the receive cell at 24 and 41 hours afterapplication of the formulation to the skin. The amount of carbidopacompounds in the receiver cell fluid is determined using aspectrophotometer and/or UV-HPLC at 280 nm.

FIGS. 1 and 2, and Table 1 (corresponding to FIG. 1) and Table 2(corresponding to FIG. 2) indicate that the combination of octanol andlimonene provides an additive and/or synergistic effect on the deliveryof carbidopa through pig skin, ex vivo. For example, as depicted in FIG.1, application of formulation 6 which includes a combination of octanol,limonene, and lauroglycol results in greater carbidopa penetrationthrough the skin than the combination of octanol and lauroglycol(formulation 7) or limonene (Lim) and lauroglycol (LG) (formulation 8).In Table 1 and FIG. 1, the formulations each contain 14.5% (by weight)carbidopa-arginine salt.

TABLE 1 Transdermal delivery of Carbidopa (mg/cm²) through fullthickness pig skin, ex vivo Formulation # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Octanol 0 2.50 4 4 2.5 2.5 0 Limonene 1.5 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 Lauroglycol 0 2.5 2.5 2 2 1.51.5 1.5 24 h 1.0 3.6 2.2 6.6 11.1 5.3 2.4 1.9 41 h 1.2 5.4 3.3 17.5 21.813.4 9.4 2.7 Formulation #3 + 4 Formulation Formulation Formulation(calculated) # 3 #4 #5 (Lim + LG) + Limonene + Octanol + Lim + Oct +(Octanol + LG LG LG LG) 41 h 3.3 17.5 21.8 20.8 24 h 2.2 6.6 11.1 8.8Formulation #7 + 8 Formulation Formulation Formulation (calculated) # 8#7 #6 (Lim + LG) + Limonene + Octanol + Lim + Oct + (Octanol + LG LG LGLG) 41 h 2.7 9.4 13.4 12.1 24 h 1.9 2.4 5.3 4.3

In Table 2 the formulations each contain 8.85% (by weight)carbidopa-arginine salt.

TABLE 2 Transdermal delivery of Carbidopa (mg/cm²) through fullthickness pig skin, ex vivo Octanol 0 4 0 Limonene 1.5 1.5 1.5 OleicAcid 0 0 2 24 h 1.0 6.4 1.0

FIG. 1 also indicates that the combination of octanol and lauroglycolenhances the delivery of carbidopa through pig skin, ex vivo. Thiseffect, however, depends on the ratio between the octanol andlauroglycol in the formulation.

FIG. 3 depicts the effect of lactic acid on the transdermal delivery ofcarbidopa through pig skin, ex vivo. The addition of lactic acid into acarbidopa formulation containing octanol and limonene results in areduction in pH and reduces the lag time of carbidopa penetrationthrough the skin.

FIG. 4 depicts the effect of Klucel® hydroxypropyl cellulose on thetransdermal delivery of carbidopa. The inclusion of Klucel® into acarbidopa formulation containing octanol and limonene not only reducesthe rate of carbidopa penetration through the skin but also increasesthe lag time of carbidopa penetration.

FIG. 5 depicts the effect of carbidopa concentration and water on thetransdermal delivery of carbidopa. Increasing the amount of carbidopa ina formulation by 50% enhances the penetration of the drug through theskin by 25%.

Example 2: Transdermal Delivery of Carbidopa or Levodopa Ex Vivo

The transdermal delivery of levodopa through full thickness pig skin isevaluated using the Franz Cell delivery system. Formulations containingcarbidopa or levodopa, octanol, limonene, and lauroglycol are prepared.Samples are collected from the receiver cells at 24 hours at 18 and 222hours after application of the formulation to the skin. The amount ofcarbidopa or levodopa compounds in the receiver cell fluid is determinedusing a spectrophotometer and/or UV-HPLC at 280 nm.

As depicted in FIG. 6, a gel formulation containing a carbidopa+arginineor levodopa+arginine with octanol (4%), limonene (1.1-1.2%), lauroglycol(2%), water (5.2%), [all weight percent], propylene glycol andantioxidants can deliver, ex vivo, at least 6 mg/cm² carbidopa orlevodopa through pig skin within 22 hours.

Example 3: Transdermal Delivery of Opipramol with Organic HydrophilicAcids Ex Vivo

FIGS. 7A and 7B depict the effect of organic acids on the transdermaldelivery of opipramol through full thickness pig skin. Formulationscontaining opipramol, various organic acids (succinic acid, citric acid,lactic acid, ascorbic acid, malic acid, or tartaric acid), octanol,lauroglycol, and/or Klucel® are prepared. Samples are collected from thereceive cell at 22 and 46 hours after application of the formulations tothe skin. The amount of opipramol compounds in the receiver cell fluidis determined using a spectrophotometer and/or UV-HPLC at 280 nm.

Results indicate that the addition of organic acids significantlyincreases the transdermal delivery of opipramol. Tartaric acid has thehighest enhancing effect on opipramol delivery followed by ascorbicacid, succinic acid, and malic acid. Lactic acid and citric acid appearto have minimal effect on opipramol penetration through the skin.

FIG. 8 depicts the effects of octanol, limonene and/or lauroglycol onthe transdermal delivery of opipramol (5% by weight) through fullthickness pig skin. Results indicate that the combination of octanol andlimonene provides an additive and/or synergistic effect on the deliveryof opipramol through pig skin, ex vivo. The presence of lauroglycol inthe formulation reduces the additive and/or synergistic effect ofoctanol and limonene on opipramol delivery, as shown in Table 3:

TABLE 3 Synergistic Effect between Octanol (O) and Limonene (L) orLauroglycol (LG) and the Inhibitory Effect between Lauroglycol andLimonene Calculated Experimental LG + O LG LG/O LG/L L/O L/LG/O L + OLG + O F #3 F #4 F #1 F #6 F #5 F #2 F#1 + 6 F#4 + 3 24 h 0.3 0.2 0.60.3 5.5 3.1 0.9 0.5 42 h 0.9 0.3 1.7 0.7 9.7 5.9 2.4 1.2

FIG. 9 depicts the effect of glutamic acid on the transdermal deliveryof opipramol through full thickness pig skin. Results indicate thatglutamic acid significantly increases the opipramol penetration throughthe skin. In addition, the lag time of opipramol penetration through theskin is shortened in the presence of 5% water. However, the rate ofpenetration is reduced in the presence of 1% limonene.

FIG. 10 depicts the effect of Klucel® hydroxypropyl cellulose on thetransdermal delivery of opipramol. Increasing concentration of Klucel®within an opipramol formulation reduces the penetration of opipramolthrough the skin.

FIG. 11 compares the effect of tartaric acid and hydrochloric,non-organic acid on the transdermal delivery of opipramol through fullthickness pig skin. Results indicate that tartaric acid significantlyincreases opipramol penetration through the skin as compared toopipramol base, and that tartaric acid was significantly superior tohydrochloric acid.

FIG. 12 depicts the effect of octanol concentration in the formulationon the transdermal delivery of opipramol through full thickness pigskin. The figure shows that there is a positive correlation between therate and total amount of opipramol transdermal delivery and opipramolconcentration, i.e., formulation containing 2.5% (wt) opipramolconcentration delivers more opipramol than the 1% formulation. Thecorrelation is inversed when the concentration of opipramol in theformulation is 5%, i.e., the transdermal delivery of opipramol may beinhibited with higher concentration.

Example 4: Transdermal Delivery of Other Drug Compounds with an AmineGroup Ex Vivo

FIGS. 13-26 depict the transdermal delivery of various drug compoundswith an amine group through full thickness pig skin, ex vivo. The drugcompounds are administered with organic acids. The concentrations of thetested compounds in the receiver cell are measured using aspectrophotometer as follows:

Absorption Molecular Transdermal Delivery Compound (nm) Weight (Figure#) Opipramol 254 364  8-12 Physostigmine 230 275 13 Chlorphiniramine 262275 14 Lidocanine 263 234 15 Metoprolol 275 267 16 Nicotine 261 162 17Diltiazem 237 415 18 Quinidine 331 324 19 Imipramine 250 280 20Quetiapine 291 384 21-22 Venlafaxine 225 277 23 Timolol 293 316 24Albuterol 276 239 25

The results indicate that formulations containing octanol, limonene,with or without lauroglycol significantly enhance the penetration of allamine compounds tested (with MW ranging between 162 and 415).Penetration was significantly increased in the presence of an organicacid as compared to the base form of the active compound. There was nocorrelation between the size of the compound and the extent of itspenetration through the skin. For example, the penetration ofchlorpheniramine (MW 275) was similar to that of diltiazem (MW 415).

Example 5: Transdermal Delivery of Drug Compounds with a NegativelyCharged Carbonyl Group Ex Vivo

FIGS. 26-28 depict the transdermal delivery of various drug compounds,all having a negatively charged carbonyl group, through full thicknesspig skin, ex vivo. The concentrations of the tested compounds in thereceiver cell are measured using a spectrophotometer as follows:

Compound Absorption (nm) Molecular Weight TDD (Figure #) Entacapone 315305 27, 28 Phenytoin 230 252 26

The results indicate that formulations containing octanol, limonene,with or without lauroglycol significantly enhance the penetration of theamine compounds tested.

Example 6: Transdermal Delivery of Carbidopa In Vivo

In this experiment, the purpose is to determine the transdermal deliveryof carbidopa in pigs. Test Formulations, TF-2 and TF-4, each containing14.5% carbidopa/arginine salt, octanol (4%), lauroglycol (2%),hydroxypropyl cellulose (4%), propylene glycol and water (5 and 10%,respectively) are applied to the back of pigs (12-15 kg). Blood samplesare collected at pre-determined time points and plasma levels ofcarbidopa are analyzed by HPLC-ECD. FIGS. 29A and 29B show the mean±SDcarbidopa plasma concentrations (ng/ml) following application of 2transdermal patches (28 cm²/patch).

Results show that both formulations are effective in the transdermaladministration of carbidopa. Application of TF-2, which contains lesswater, results in a shorter lag time and higher steady stateconcentration of plasma carbidopa. TF-2 exhibits a 24 hour lag time anda steady state plasma concentration of carbidopa ranging between 600-900ng/ml for a period of 20 hour, until patch removal. TF-4 exhibits a lagtime of 30 hours and a steady state plasma concentrations of 300-400ng/ml. Both formulations cause mild irritation after 48-52 hours ofapplication.

Example 7: Transdermal Delivery of Metoprolol In Vivo

In this experiment, the purpose is to determine the transdermal deliveryof metoprolol in pigs. Test Formulations containing 10% metoprolol and2.8% tartaric acid, octanol (4%), limonene (1%), hydroxypropyl cellulose(3%), water (3%) and propylene glycol were applied to the back of pigs(12-15 kg). Blood samples were collected at pre-determined time pointsand plasma levels of metoprolol were analyzed by HPLC-UV. FIG. 30 showsthe metoprolol plasma concentrations (ng/ml) following application of 2transdermal patches (28 cm²/patch).

Results show that the formulation was effective in the transdermaladministration of metoprolol. Application of the metoprolol formulationresults in a lag time of 5-13 hours and a steady state concentration ofplasma metoprolol. The formulation caused mild and transient irritationafter 24 hours of application.

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain usingno more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specificembodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents areintended to be encompassed by the following claims.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

The entire contents of all patents, published patent applications,websites, and other references cited herein are hereby expresslyincorporated herein in their entireties by reference.

1. A pharmaceutically acceptable transdermal composition comprising afatty alcohol, a terpene, and an active agent.
 2. The pharmaceuticallyacceptable transdermal composition of claim 1, wherein the active agenthas at least one primary, secondary or tertiary amine moiety.
 3. Thepharmaceutically acceptable transdermal composition of claim 1, whereinthe active agent has a negatively charged carbonyl moiety.
 4. (canceled)5. The pharmaceutically acceptable transdermal composition of claim 4,wherein the active agent is selected from the group consisting ofcarbidopa, levodopa, and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 6.The pharmaceutically acceptable transdermal composition of claim 1,wherein the active agent is selected from the group consisting ofopipramol, physostigmine, chlorpheniramine, lidocaine, metoprolol,nicotine, salbutmol, timolol, diltiazem, quinidine, imipramine,quetiapine, venlafaxine, and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.7. The pharmaceutically acceptable transdermal composition of claim 1,wherein (i) the composition has about 1 to about 10 weight percentactive agent; and/or (ii) the composition has about 1 to about 5 weightpercent fatty alcohol; and/or (iii) the fatty alcohol is octanol,preferably 1-octanol.
 8. The pharmaceutically acceptable transdermalcomposition of claim 1, wherein the composition is about 0.25 to about 5weight percent terpene.
 9. The pharmaceutically acceptable transdermalcomposition of claim 1, wherein the terpene is d-limonene.
 10. Thepharmaceutically acceptable transdermal composition of claim 1, furthercomprising a fatty acid ester.
 11. The pharmaceutically acceptabletransdermal composition of claim 10, wherein the fatty acid ester islauroglycol.
 12. The pharmaceutically acceptable transdermal compositionof claim 11, wherein the weight ratio of fatty alcohol to lauroglycol isabout 3:1 to about 1.5:1.
 13. The pharmaceutically acceptabletransdermal composition of claim 10, wherein the composition is about0.1 to about 5.0 weight percent fatty acid ester.
 14. Thepharmaceutically acceptable transdermal composition of claim 1, furthercomprising hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
 15. The pharmaceuticallyacceptable transdermal composition of claim 1, further comprising anorganic acid, wherein the organic acid is selected from the groupconsisting of ascorbic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid,fumaric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, glutamic acid, or aspartic acid,more preferably glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and tartaric acid.
 16. Thepharmaceutically acceptable transdermal composition of claim 1, furthercomprising a basic amino acid, wherein the basic amino acid is selectedfrom the group consisting of arginine, lysine and histidine.
 17. Thepharmaceutically acceptable transdermal composition of claim 1, furthercomprising propylene glycol.
 18. A pharmaceutically acceptabletransdermal composition comprising octanol, limonene, organic acid, andan active agent comprising an amine moiety.
 19. The pharmaceuticallyacceptable transdermal composition of claim 18, wherein the active agentis selected from the group consisting of opipramol and apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 20-24. (canceled)
 25. Thepharmaceutically acceptable transdermal composition of claim 18, wherein(i) the composition has about 0.5 to about 7.5 weight percent octanol;and/or (ii) the composition has about 0.25 to about 5 weight percentlimonene.
 26. The pharmaceutically acceptable transdermal composition ofclaim 18, further comprising lauroglycol.
 27. The pharmaceuticallyacceptable transdermal composition of claim 26, wherein the weight ratioof octanol to lauroglycol is about 3:1 to about 1.5:1.
 28. Thepharmaceutically acceptable transdermal composition of claim 18, furthercomprising arginine.
 29. The pharmaceutically acceptable transdermalcomposition of claim 18, wherein the transdermal composition, whentransdermally administered to a patient, delivers more than twice theamount of active agent to said patient over 20 hours as compared to (i)a formulation that does not include octanol; (ii) a formulation thatdoes not include limonene; or (iii) a formulation that does not includean organic acid. 30-32. (canceled)
 33. The pharmaceutically acceptablecomposition of claim 1, wherein the active agent is selected from thegroup consisting of atorvastatin, amoxicillin, fexofenadine,pravastatin, cefalexin, furosemide, ibuprofen, naproxen, gemfibrozil,mupirocin, cefprozil, methotrexate, tretinoin, cefuroxime, etodalac,penicillin, folic acid, fosinopril, ursodiol, indometacin, falsartan,lisinopril, diclofenac (Na salt), fluvoxamine, memantine, amlodipine,cefdinir, lamotrigine, amphetamine, triamterene, minocycline,phentermine, famciclovir, trimethoprim, aciclovir, hydralazine,doxazosin, dextro-amphetamine, famotidine, desipramine, atomoxetine,azathioprine, bromocriptine, burpropione, clonidine,dexmethyl-phenidate, duloxetine, enalapril, Formoterol,Hydrochloro-thiazide, Lornoxicam, Metoprolol, Sertraline Paroxetine,Fluoxetine, Ramipril, Salbutamol, Bupropion, Carvedilol, Atenolol,Nifedipine, Felodipine, Enalapril, Quinapril, Tizanidine, Clonidine,Benzonatate, Propranolol HCl, Benazepril, Paroxetine, Allopurinol,Labetalol HCl, Sotalol, Torasemide, Bisoprolol, Pindolol, andPseudo-ephedrine, Miconazole, Econazole, Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole,Quinidine, Pargiline, Alprazolam, Apomorphine, Bromazepam, Burenorphine,Chlorpheniramine, Diltiazem, Dipyridamole, Domperidone, Galantamine(HBr), Haloperidol, Hydromorphone, Levomepromazine, Methadone,Methazolamide, Metformin HCl, Azithromycin, Omeprazol, Fentanyl,Oxycodone, Risperidone, Tramadol, Citalopram, Ondansetro, Morphine,Dextropropoxyphene, Cyclobenzaprine HCl, Ciprofloxacin, Ranitidine,Verapamil, Baclofen, Oxybutynin, Venlafaxine HCl, Opipramol, Lidocaine,Oxcarbazepine, Carisoprodol, Meloxicam, glibenclamide (glyburide),phenytoin, glimepiride, barbital, metho-carbamol, modafinil,methysergide, lisinopril, levosalbutamol, formotoerol, arformoterol,ipratorium bromide, voriconazole, ciclopirox, and entacapone.